Comparison of various techniques is made with the discussion on capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages. Emphasis is placed throughout the article to differentiate the difference between electric and acoustic impedance matching and the relation between the two. Special materials such as nanocomposites, metamaterials, and metasurfaces as emerging materials have been presented. Acoustic matching methods utilizing active and passive materials have been discussed. This article presents standard methods to match the acoustic impedance of the piezoelectric sensors, actuators, and transducers with the surrounding wave propagation media. Acoustic impedance matching increases the coupling largely. The mismatch leads to the reverberation of waves within the transducer, heating, low signal-to-noise ratio, and signal distortion. The coupling of waves between the piezoelectric generators, detectors, and propagating media is challenging due to mismatch in the acoustic properties.
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